Bladder and kidney stones are well-known risk factors for UTIs and evolve through two mechanisms; infection stones caused by urease-producing gram-negative organisms and metabolic stones that passively trap bacteria from coexistent UTIs.1,2

What do we know from the evidence?

By clinical experience, stones may stimulate bladder overactivity and increase the pressure inside the bladder, related to recurrent UTI’s.3

In very rare occasions a foreign body, e.g. a hair, inserted through catheterisation, provides the basis for stone formation.3